each arabic number (1, 2, 3, etc) converts into a corresponding binary number 1 = 00000001; 2 = 00000010; 3 = 00000011; if you're on a windows computer and use your calculator in scientific mode, you can enter a number in "dec" format and then click the "bin" format button to see what it looks like in binary. since we were told 16 in each row, then just add zeros in the front until each number is 8 digits.
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